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Barcodes Readers and Scanners

Two products that some may say independently epitomise America and Britain are chewing gum and tea. These two items have played a role in dramatically changing our lives.

Not because the Americans are known for chewing gum and the Britain's are known for drinking tea, but those two products have represented their countries in being the very first to wear a barcode.

When Andrew Melrose chose to sell tea for a living, did he know what landmarks he would bequeath? In 1833 Melrose's became the first company to legally land tea independently of the East Indies Trading Co.

William Wrigley only went into the chewing gum business after discovering that the gum he gave away as an incentive to buy his father's soap was more popular with customers than the soap itself.

Was it choice or circumstance that chewing gum pieces in the USA and tea in the UK would be the first to start the Epos industry rolling?

In the UK we have nothing left to celebrate this great achievement. The keymarkets supermarket in Spalding, Lincolnshire was absorbed by another giant in the 80's, the identity of the would-be famous shopper who bought those teabags is unknown as is the fate of that first bar-coded box of tea bags. The person who used the barcode scanner is also unknown.

However, the packet of Wrigley's chewing gum that was the first American product to be barcoded and scanned in June 26, 1974, at Marsh's supermarket in Troy, Ohio - now proudly sits in the Smithsonian Museum alongside other objects of distinction such as the Hope diamond. The customer is known as Clyde Dawson and Sharon Buchanan (now retired) was the cashier who made the first UPC scan.

We don't know why the Keymarkets store in Spalding (UK) was chosen or whether it was a blanket operation and it just happened to be the branch that used the scanner first. Surely they would have used the Boston branch for their tea party?

We do know that the Troy store was specifically chosen because of its close proximity to the Dayton based NCR Corporation, the designers of checkout counter.

Three decades later, let's look at some comparisons. The actual scanner used was from PSC Inc., and at the time cost $4,000 (the entire check-out counter cost $10,000). These days, scanners cost a fraction of that. UK Suppliers Dragon Solutions market a CCD reader for £55.00 ...a far cry from $4,000.

The box of tea bags at the time didn't have a factory applied barcode, Keymarkets shop workers stuck the barcode labels on products before they were put on the shop shelves ready for customers to buy. Because Keymarkets no longer exist, we can look at the other giants; J. Sainsbury, for example, operated 201 stores in 1975. Today it has 735 and the vast majority of those have at least double the floor space of those mid-70s stores. At that time grocers only stocked a couple of thousand or so product lines at the most. Simply because of the logistics in putting price stickers on all those products allbeit boxes, packets, bags, bottles or cans, the intellectual load on staff who had to know how much each individual product cost and also because of margins for error made this an impossible and expensive task.

Despite the fact that the price of barcode scanners and barcode reading equipment has plummeted, the 1970s UK inflation peaked at 28%, now it hovers around the 2% mark. Prices are bound to go down when almost every shop and store in the the modern world uses them. Bulk buying and mass production aside, technology has enhanced reliabilty.

Picture courtesy of
Dragon Solutions

CCD readers are the most popular type of bar code reader for low to medium use. No moving parts means a high level of reliability and robustness. Unlike the bar code wand/pen reader which has to be 'swiped' across the code, the CCD remains still during scanning - the scanner normally being activated by depressing the button/trigger.

The limiting factor to the type of code you may scan with this sort of reader is the physical width of the read head - either 65mm or 90mm. If you need to scan a code wider than 90mm, you need to specify either a Linear Imager or a Laser Scanner.

How is it used....?

The read head is placed on the bar code and the trigger depressed. The reader connects to your computer via either PS2 keyboard wedge, RS232 serial interface or via USB

Was the barcode invented just to assist the retail industry? Are bar code systems strictly for big business or can a small or medium sized business or service centre adopt bar code systems to streamline operations, increase profit and save money? Are the Mac or Windows suitable platforms for bar code based data collection and control?

In 1959 David J. Collins earned his master's degree and went to work for the Syvania Corporation, whilst they were researching military applications for computers, Collins had his mind on a new venture. He had previously worked for The Pennsyvania Railroad and knew that there was an urgent need to create a system that could identify, track and handle the gathered information relating to the movement of freight cars. A coded label seemed to be the cheapest solution. Instead of being black and white, labels were orange and blue.

The system worked and it pushed collins to look at other applications. In 1967 he approached his bosses at Synania and said that he wanted to develop a black and white version for conveyor control and just about everything that moves. The bosses refused to invest in the idea because they felt they had a massive market already. Collins was adamant that the future was in the black and white bar codes and resigned, he co-founded Computer Identics Corporation.

Whilst Sylvania never made any money from their system and suffered during the recession, Computer Identics Corporation truly prospered. It used laser ( Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ) as opposed to a milliwatt helium-neon beam used by others. The fine red stripe was absorbed by the black bars and reflected by the white. The great advantage was that lasers could read the codes several feet away from many different angles and still read damaged labels, useful for warehouse, point of sale and many other applications. .

Modern cost effective hand held barcode laser scanners

Older types of laser scanner had spinning mirrors and prisms and were rather prone to damage if handled roughly. Modern devices have cut down on the amount of moving parts and so are much more reliable. Many such scanners now carry 2, 3 and 5 year warranties.

There are a number of substances which 'Lase'. Modern laser devices such as these, are based on a semiconductor which is excited by a current which then emits light of a single wavelength (normally red) which is then focused. Many household appliances such as computer printers, CD and DVD players, now utilise the unique properties of Lasers.

Back in the spring of 1969 Collins was installing what were probably the first true bar code sytems anywhere in the world. One into General Motors and the other into General Trading Company.

Hand held bar code laser scanners
Picture courtesy of Dragon Solutions UK